香港税收狂飙的隐忧

五月 7, 2008 by 弦音阁主  
类别: 城市物语

(此文已發表)
香港去年的经济有多好?看看税收就知道。5月5日香港税务局公布上一年度税收总额,创下有史以来新高,达到2006.98亿港元,较上年度急升两成九,更打破税务局成立六十年以来的税收纪录。去年税收之丰厚,连税务局局长刘麦懿明都不禁说”出乎意料之外”。
但是经济好、税收多,也不能说经济没问题。香港经济从税收上体现出的问题也还不小。从香港税务局公布的各项具体税收指标来看,香港的税基日渐狭窄,而市民的收入差距也越来越大。这让香港的有识之士不无担忧
具体数字表现在印花税和利得税的大幅上升。印花税各类税收中升幅最大,较前一年度狂飙1.06倍,达到515亿元,其中以股票印花税升幅最凌厉,升幅超过1.36倍,其次是物业印花税,增加六成三。另外,利得税收在税收总额中比重最大,较前一年度激增27%超过914亿元,其中又以地产业及保险业盈利最大。这显然得益于香港股市、楼市在去年的畅旺,这种资产的增值令中产阶层及富豪进账不少,可以为利得税和印花税大幅加码,而中低收入者显然难有能力为香港作出这个”贡献”。
而在薪俸税方面,也能说明这个问题。上年度薪俸税收整体下跌百分之三,但高薪一族在加薪加佣金的推动下,缴税金额大升。数据显示,缴交薪俸税最多的首十万人,占薪俸税收入的71%,较过去占60%的数字急升,税基更显狭窄。另外,年薪90万元以上的「高薪一族」,平均收入增加13.5%,较年薪30万元以下的多出7个百分点,显示收入差距问题日显突出。
目前,在美元贬值人民币升值、全球粮油价格上涨等多重夹击下,香港通胀形势日甚一日,收入差距扩大导致的贫富悬殊问题也显得越来越严重。2006年香港基尼系数达到0.533,较2001年的0.523和1996年的0.51呈明显恶化趋势。香港有学者及立法会议员提出,政府应还富于民,协助基层家庭抗衡通胀。例如,澳门政府在上月就宣布,将拨出20亿元还富于民,永久居民获发一份5000元的”红利”、非永久居民获发一份3000元的”红利”,争取在7月份实施。然而,这种分红未必能缓解通胀,相反还可能导致通胀进一步加剧,而且对于解决税基狭窄、缩短贫富差距等问题也无甚作用。
目前,香港的税收政策已陷入左右为难的境地:如要针对扩大税基来采取措施,比如征收消费税等,无疑会加重贫富悬殊;而如果针对贫富悬殊来施政,例如实行超额累进税制,收入越多者其税率越高,又只会令税基更加狭窄。
拓宽税基的种种办法,几年前香港都曾有过动议。两年前,港府曾推出征收消费税的咨询案,结果遭到大多数市民反对而作罢。最近,香港财政司司长曾俊华表明,政府会继续研究拓宽税基,但无意重提商品及服务税(消费税),但可能会引入环保税及奢侈品税等新税种。然而,针对高端奢侈品征收销售税的设想也早已提出,但是各界怕影响香港的旅游业而一直难以推动。拓宽税基的另外一个负面效应就是影响香港的投资环境,削弱香港的竞争力。因此,香港证交所主席夏佳理就多次建议港府下调或废除股票交易印花税,以提升香港交易所在全球的竞争力。对此,港府态度自然是相当审慎。
针对贫富悬殊问题,香港政府近年也采取了各种措施,主要是通过二次分配来解决,包括综合援助金、增加交通津贴等各种补助。但是香港经济施政不是福利性导向,香港社会也不主张用高福利来养”懒人”,因此在扩大社会福利问题上也是非常谨慎。
现在香港社会虽然意识到拓宽税基和解决贫富悬殊这个两难问题,但是在解决方向上仍然是”头痛医头、脚痛医脚”的思路,各方学者和评论员都在税务结构上作文章,转圈圈。殊不知,税务结构只是表象,真正的问题还出在香港经济结构这个根子上。香港产业结构高度依赖金融、贸易、房地产等服务业,结果导致收入差距很容易扩大,而香港经济迟迟不能完成转型,导致税基也不能因应转变。实际上,也不难发现,香港收入差距迅速拉大的时代,也正是香港地产和金融业狂飙猛进的时代。自亚洲金融风暴以来,香港经济的结构性弊端已经暴露无遗,但是转型仍然未实现。这是香港一切经济问题的病根。
因此,如果仅仅围着税制转,港府解决拓宽税基和贫富悬殊问题的空间几乎没有。当然,在内地经济持续强劲增长的背景下,香港经济仍可随之边获益边转型,尽管需要很长的一段时间,换而言之,港府要解决税基与贫富悬殊的问题,还是可以用时间来换取空间的。

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